수확시기와 제조방법이 호밀의 품질과 베타카로틴 함량에 미치는 영향

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :국제농업기술대학원 국제농업기술학과,2019. 8. 김종근.Limited information are available about how forage quality and β-carotene content are affected by various factors on rye in Pyeongchang, Korea. So this experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of harvest dates and different preservation methods on forage quality and β-carotene content. Samples were collected from rye harvested every 5 days, from April 25 to May 31, and also comparisons were done about rye silage wilted for different periods and hay of 3 three stages. As for effect of harvest dates, advancing maturity increased dry matter (DM) content, plant height, DM yield and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yield, but decreased the crude protein (CP), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and relative feed value (RFV) significantly (P < 0.05). With plant matured, all the 3 parts (leaf, stem and grain) showed decreases of forage quality and the part with lowest quality was stem. β-carotene also decreased by advancing maturity. So for getting higher yield and quality, harvest around blooming stage is proper. For silage, with advancing maturity, DM content, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content increased while CP, IVDMD, TDN, RFV and DM loss decreased (P < 0.0001). And wilting raised the DM content and pH value significantly (P < 0.0001). Silage harvested at heading stage showed the lowest pH value (4.45), propionic acid (PA) (0.83 g/kg DM), butyric acid (BA) (0 g/kg DM), fungi and yeast (F&Y) population (3.70 log CFU / g of FM), conversely, the highest lactic acid (LA) (9.7 g/kg DM), lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (6.87 log CFU / g of FM), total microorganisms (TM) (7.33 log CFU / g of FM) and Fliegs score (70) (P < 0.0001). Wilting elevated LAB and TM population but had no regular effect on other fermented products. Both of delayed harvest and prolonged wilting decreased β-carotene content. Above all, silage harvested around May 9 (heading) with 24 hours wilting was preferred for rye silage in Pyeongchang. For rye hay, advancing maturity decreased the DM loss, IVDMD, TDN and RFV, but increased the DM, ADF and NDF content significantly (P < 0.05). β-carotene was decreased by delay of hay-making. Consequently, to get lower DM loss and higher hay quality, May 9 (heading) was recommended in Pyeongchang.평창 지역에서 호밀이 다양한 요인에 의해 사료가치와 β-carotene 함량이 어떻게 영향을 받는지에 대한 정보는 많지 않다. 그래서 본 시험은 수확시기와 조제방법이 호밀의 사료가치와 β-carotene 함량에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 수행되었다. 호밀 시료는 4월 25일부터 5월 31일까지 매 5일간 수확하여 수집 되었으며 건초와 사일리지는 3번의 생육단계 (수잉기, 출수기 및 개화기) 에서 수확하였고, 사일리지는 예건 기간(무처리, 6시간 및 24시간) 을 달리하였다. 수확시기에 대한 효과에서 숙기가 진행됨에 따라 건물함량, 초장, 건물수량 및 TDN 수량은 증가하였으나 조단백질 함량, IVDMD와 RFV는 유의적으로 감소하였다. 호밀이 성숙함에 따라 모든 식물체부위 (잎, 줄 및 곡실) 에서 사료가치가 감소하였고 줄기의 사료가치가 가장 낮았다. β-carotene 함량은 호밀의 생육이 진행됨에 따라 감소하였다. 따라서 더 높은 수량과 품질을 위해서는 개화기 전후에 수확하는 것이 가장 적절하였다. 사일리지에 있어서는 숙기가 진행됨에 따라 건물함량, ADF 및 NDF함량은 증가하는 반면 CP, IVDMD, TDN, RFV 및 건물 손실은 유의적으로 감소하였다 (P<0.0001). 예건은 건물함량과 pH값을 유의적으로 증가시켰다 (P<0.0001). 출수기에 수확된 사일리지의 pH (4.45), propionic acid (0.83 g/kg DM), butyric acid (BA) 함량 (0 g/kg DM), 곰팡이와 이스트 수 (3.70 log CFU / g of FM) 가 가장 낮았으며, 반대로 lactic acid (LA) (9.7 g/kg DM) 함량, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) 수 (6.87 log CFU / g of FM), 총 미생물수 (TM) (7.33 log CFU / g of FM) 및 Flieg 점수 (70) 는 가장 높았다 (P < 0.0001). 예건은 젖산균과 총 미생물수를 증가시켰으나 다른 발효산물에는 일정한 경향을 나타내지 않았다. 진행된 숙기 및 예건시간은 β-carotene 함량을 감소시켰다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 평창지역에서의 호밀 사일리지는 5월 9일 (출수기) 경에 수확하여 24시간 예건하여 조제하는 것이 가장 바람직하다. 건초에 있어는 수확이 지연됨에 따라 건물손실, IVDMD, TDN 및 RFV가 감소하였으며 DM, ADF 및 NDF 함량은 증가되었다 (P<0.05). β-carotene 함량은 건초 조제가 지연됨에 따라 감소하였다. 따라서, 낮은 건물손실과 고품질의 건초를 생산하려면 5월 9일 (출수기) 에 수확하는 것이 추천되었다.1. Introduction 1 1.1 Research background 1 1.2 Aim of research 3 2. Literature Review 4 2.1 Harvest stage 4 2.2 Different plant parts 5 2.3 Wilting conditions 6 2.4 Different preservation method 7 2.4.1 Ensiling 8 2.4.2 Haymaking 9 2.5 Storage 11 2.5.1 Silage storage 11 2.5.2 Hay storage 12 2.6 Microbial activity 12 2.6.1 Microbial activity during ensiling 12 2.6.2 Microbial activity during hay preservation 13 2.7 β-carotene 13 3. Materials and Methods 15 3.1. General information 15 3.2. Materials preparation 17 3.2.1 Raw materials preparation 17 3.2.2 Silage preparation 17 3.2.3 Hay preparation 21 3.3 Chemical analysis 22 3.3.1 Pretreatment for chemical analysis 22 3.3.2 Detergent fiber analysis 22 3.3.3 Crude protein analysis 22 3.3.4 Calculation of TDN and RFV 23 3.4 In vitro digestibility analysis 23 3.5 Fermentation characteristics 25 3.5.1 Acidity (pH) 26 3.5.2 Organic acid 26 3.5.3 Microbial analysis 27 3.5.4 Ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) 28 3.5.5 Water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) 28 3.6 Analysis of β-carotene 29 3.7 Statistical analysis 30 4. Results and Discussions 31 4.1 Effect of harvest dates 30 4.1.1 Effect of harvest dates on agronomic characteristics 31 4.1.2 Effect of harvest dates on yield composition 32 4.1.3 Effect of harvest dates on forage quality of rye 34 4.1.4 Effect of harvest dates on β-carotene content 37 4.2 Effect of plant parts 38 4.2.1 Effect of harvest dates on leaf-stem-grain ratio 38 4.2.2 Effect of plant parts and harvest dates on feed value of forage rye 39 4.3 Effect of ensiling dates and wilting periods on rye silage 42 4.3.1 Chemical composition and feed value 42 4.3.2 Fermentation characteristics 44 4.3.3 Organic acid composition 47 4.3.4 Viable count of microbes 50 4.3.5 β-carotene concentration 52 4.4. Effect of hay-making processing 53 4.4.1 Temperature change during storage 53 4.4.2 Chemical composition and feed value 54 4.4.3 β-carotene 57 5. Conclusion 59 6. Bibliography 61 7. Abstract in Korean 74Maste

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